Jean Philippe Guillemin was the founder of Zenwalk Linux which was a Slackware based Linux distribution. In one of his interviews, Mr.Guillemin said that the reason for developing Zenwalk was the constant repetition of the same modifications required on the systems after every new installation. Like adding a movie player along with codecs, tuning the X window system, clearing loads of unused libraries and software, and recompiling a more optimized and up to date kernel.

The success of Zenwalk totally depended upon three factors:

a)      Good support from the knowledgeable community who enjoyed sharing their experience with GNU-Linux users

b)       Providing just one application for a particular given task was the focus while designing Zenwalk.

c)      When it comes out of the box, Zenwalk is already fine tuned. It is minimal yet fully featured, easily customized and high speed makes it very successful.

Scientific Linux also known as Fermi Linux was yet another piece of open source software. It was a joint effort of several universities in the United States, Switzerland and other countries. It is not an official Red Hat product, but was developed by using the source code of RHE.
Scientific Linux was developed in such a way that changes could be easily made by anyone using it. The primary reason behind designing SL was to make it easy for the universities and labs to make changes to their Linux versions according to their specific requirements. Adding applications that were not in the distribution of SL is very simple. In SL the security updates are regularly provided every week. Different people or groups developed rpms for SL or that would work on SL; these are a few of those rpms: Linux-ink, SL3.0.x and Dag wieers.

To an Administrator, there is nothing more peaceful than a stable and optimized DNS server. The moment something goes wrong, such as a mis-configuration, the server wakes up and starts crying; both sites and email systems goes down. An important way of creating a stable DNS environment is to use SOA records.

What are DNS Records? DNS records or Zone files are used for mapping URLs to IPs. Located on servers called the DNS servers, these records are typically the connection of your website with the outside world. Requests for your website are forwarded to your DNS servers and then get pointed to the web servers that serve the website or to Email servers that handle the incoming email.

This is how a typical Zone file (containing many common DNS records) looks like.

; Zone file for eukhost.com.
@ 86400 IN SOA ns1.eukhost.com. root.manou.eukhost.com. (
2006061904

86000

7200

3600000

86400 )

eukhost.com. NS IN 86400 ns1.eukhost.com.

eukhost.com. NS IN 86400 ns2.eukhost.com.

eukhost.com. 14400 IN A 69.20.54.201

localhost. eukhost.com. 14400 IN A 127.0.0.1

eukhost.com. 14400 IN MX 0 eukhost.com.

mail 14400 IN CNAME eukhost.com.

www 14400 IN CNAME eukhost.com.

ftp 14400 IN CNAME eukhost.com.

SOA Records

An SOA (State of Authority) Record is the most essential part of a Zone file. The SOA record is a way for the Domain Administrator to give out simple information about the domain, like how often it is updated when it was last updated, when to check back for more info, what the administrators email address is and so on. A Zone file can contain only one SOA Record.

A properly optimized and updated SOA record can reduce bandwidth between nameservers, increase the speed of website access and ensure the site is alive even when the primary DNS server is down.

Here is the SOA record. Notice the starting bracket “(“. This has to be on the same line, otherwise the record gets broken.

; name TTL class rr Nameserver email-address

@ 86400 IN SOA ns1.eukhost.com. root.linux5.nettoolz.net. (

2006061904 ; Serial number

86000 ; Refresh rate in seconds

7200 ; Update Retry in seconds

3600000 ; Expiry in seconds

86400 ; minimum in seconds )

• name - mydomain.com is the main name in this zone.

• TTL - 86400 - TTL defines the duration in seconds that the record may be cached by client side programs. If it is set as 0, it indicates that the record should not be cached. The range is defined to be between 0 to 2147483647 (close to 68 years !)

• Class - IN - The class shows the type of record. IN equates to Internet. Other options are all historic. So as long as your DNS is on the Internet or Intranet, you must use IN.

• Nameserver - ns.nameserver.com. -The nameserver is the server which holds the zone files. It can be either an external server in which case, the entire domain name must be specified followed by a dot. In case it is defined in this zone file, then it can be written as “ns’’ .

• Email address – root.linux5.nettoolz.net. -This is the email of the domain name administrator. Now, this is really confusing, because people expect an @ to be in an email address. However in this case, email is sent to [EMAIL=”root@ns.nameserver.com”] root@ns.nameserver.com[/EMAIL], but written as root.ns.nameserver.com . And yes, remember to put the dot behind the domain name.

• Serial number - 2006061904 - This is a sort of a revision numbering system to show the changes made to the DNS Zone. This number has to increment, whenever any change is made to the Zone file. The standard convention is to use the date of update YYYYMMDDnn, where nn is a revision number in case more than one updates are done in a day. So if the first update done today would be 2006061904 and second update would be 2006061905.

• Refresh - 86000 - This is time(in seconds) when the slave DNS server will refresh from the master. This value represents how often a secondary will poll the primary server to see if the serial number for the zone has increased (so it knows to request a new copy of the data for the zone). It can be written as “23h88M’’ indicating 23 hours and 88 minutes. If you have a regular Internet server, you can keep it between 6 to 24 hours.

• Retry - 7200 - Now assume that a slave tried to contact the master server and failed to contact it because it was down. The Retry value (time in seconds) will tell it when to get back. This value is not very important and can be a fraction of the refresh value.

• Expiry - 3600000 - This is the time (in seconds) that a slave server will keep a cached zone file as valid, if it can’t contact the primary server. If this value were set to say 2 weeks ( in seconds), what it means is that a slave would still be able to give out domain information from its cached zone file for 2 weeks, without anyone knowing the difference. The recommended value is between 2 to 4 weeks.

• Minimum - 86400 - This is the default time(in seconds) that the slave servers should cache the Zone file. This is the most important time field in the SOA Record. If your DNS information keeps changing, keep it down to a day or less. Otherwise if your DNS record doesn’t change regularly, step it up between 1 to 5 days. The benefit of keeping this value high, is that your website speeds increase drastically as a result of reduced lookups. Caching servers around the globe would cache your records and this improves site performance.

Increasing site speed

The time it takes to access a website on a browser includes the time it takes to look it up on the domain name server. By increasing the “Minimum’’ value, we’re telling the contacting clients to keep their copies of the zone file for a longer time. In effect, reducing the lookups to the nameserver. By reducing the number of times a client has to lookup, we’re increasing the site speed.

However, this also means that if you make changes to the DNS record, it will take longer to propagate. If you require to make frequent updates to your DNS records, make sure your Minimum value is lesser than 1 day. That means longer lookup times, but accurate information for the clients

If you are planning a major update on the DNS zone file(say moving to another server or hosting service), reduce the Minimum value a couple of days prior to the change. Then make the change and then jack up the minimum value again. This way the caching clients all over the world will pick up the changes quicker and yet you do not need to sacrifice on site speed thereafter.

How to improve backup

Always keep a secondary DNS server and keep a higher Expiry value. This will mean that even if the Primary server goes down, the secondary will have the cached copy(for as long as the Expiry value stands) and it will keep serving lookups. Keeping a secondary server but a low expiry value defeats the purpose of a Backup.

How to test SOA records

You have set the new SOA values, and you want to know whether the update has taken place. “Dig’’ is a good tool to troubleshoot and check for DNS information.

For example to check out the SOA records of yahoo.com from all the nameservers, primary and secondary, all you need to do is

# dig google.com nssearch

SOA ns1.eukhost.com. root.manou.eukhost.com. 2006072101 28800 7200 3600 86400 from server ns2.eukhost.com in 1 ms.

SOA ns1.eukhost.com. root.manou.eukhost.com. 2006072101 28800 7200 3600 86400 from server ns1.eukhost.com in 28 ms.

Postgresql

Using the following command, you can take a backup of your postgresql database.

# pg_dump -u -C -f backupfile.sql database_name

You can restore a pgsql database using the following command

# pg_restore -v -C -O -d database_name backupfile.sql.tar

Mysql

Using the following command you can take backup of a mysql database.

# mysqldump database_name > backup.sql

You can a restore mysql database using the following command

# mysql database_name

When I check View Bandwidth Usage in WHM I get an error, although the domain below is there.

tvguide travelvacationguide.info (deleted) 0.00 Meg 0.00 Meg N/A N/A Meg 0% used

Ans :-

Delete the affected account, then re-create it in WHM. The user in question is recieving the error because they are not listed in the directory ’/var/cpanel/users’.
1)
Go to directory /var/cpanel/bandwidth
root@server1[/]# cd /var/cpanel/bandwidth
2)
Create file with accounts username and domain name.
root@server1[/var/cpanel/bandwidth]# touch tvguide root@server1[/var/cpanel/bandwidth]# touch travelvacationguide.info
3)
Change group of the above both files to username.
root@server1[/var/cpanel/bandwidth]# chgrp tvguide tvguide
root@server1[/var/cpanel/bandwidth]# chgrp tvguide travelvacationguide.info

4)

root@server1[/]# /scripts/runweblogs tvguide

5)
Check the account under whm >> Account Functions >> View Bandwidth Usage. It should show as per below:

tvguide travelvacationguide.info 0.00 Meg 0.00Meg 9.77 Gig 1% used

In the above case, the username is ’tvguide’ and the domain name is ‘travelvacationguide.info’. Please remember that you can change the username and domain name as per your requirement.