The central module of an operating system. It is the part of the operating system that loads first, and it remains in main memory. Because it stays in memory, it is important for the kernel to be as small as possible while still providing all the essential services required by other parts of the operating system and applications. Typically, the kernel is responsible for memory management, process and task management, and disk management.

When a computer crashes, it actually means the kernel has crashed. If only a single program has crashed but the rest of the system remains in operation, then the kernel itself has not crashed.. A crash is the situation in which a program, either a user application or a part of the operating system, stops performing its expected function(s) and responding to other parts of the system. The program might appear to the user to freeze. If such program is a critical to the operation of the kernel, the entire computer could shut down.

Categories of Kernels

Kernels can be classified into four broad categories: monolithic kernels, microkernels, hybrid kernels and exokernels.

The latest stable version of the Linux kernel is 2.6.17.8

The term “search engine” is often used generically to describe both crawler-based search engines and human-powered directories. These two types of search engines gather their listings in radically different ways.

Crawler-Based Search Engines

Crawler-based search engines, such as Google, create their listings automatically. They “crawl” or “spider” the web, then people search through what they have found.

If you change your web pages, crawler-based search engines eventually find these changes, and that can affect how you are listed. Page titles, body copy and other elements all play a role.

Human-Powered Directories

A human-powered directory, such as the Open Directory, depends on humans for its listings. You submit a short description to the directory for your entire site, or editors write one for sites they review. A search looks for matches only in the descriptions submitted.

Changing your web pages has no effect on your listing. Things that are useful for improving a listing with a search engine have nothing to do with improving a listing in a directory. The only exception is that a good site, with good content, might be more likely to get reviewed for free than a poor site.

“Hybrid Search Engines” Or Mixed Results

In the web’s early days, it used to be that a search engine either presented crawler-based results or human-powered listings. Today, it extremely common for both types of results to be presented. Usually, a hybrid search engine will favor one type of listings over another. For example, MSN Search is more likely to present human-powered listings from LookSmart. However, it does also present crawler-based results (as provided by Inktomi), especially for more obscure queries.

The Parts Of A Crawler-Based Search Engine

Crawler-based search engines have three major elements. First is the spider, also called the crawler. The spider visits a web page, reads it, and then follows links to other pages within the site. This is what it means when someone refers to a site being “spidered” or “crawled.” The spider returns to the site on a regular basis, such as every month or two, to look for changes.

Everything the spider finds goes into the second part of the search engine, the index. The index, sometimes called the catalog, is like a giant book containing a copy of every web page that the spider finds. If a web page changes, then this book is updated with new information.

Sometimes it can take a while for new pages or changes that the spider finds to be added to the index. Thus, a web page may have been “spidered” but not yet “indexed.” Until it is indexed — added to the index — it is not available to those searching with the search engine.

Search engine software is the third part of a search engine. This is the program that sifts through the millions of pages recorded in the index to find matches to a search and rank them in order of what it believes is most relevant

Search for anything using your favorite crawler-based search engine. Nearly instantly, the search engine will sort through the millions of pages it knows about and present you with ones that match your topic. The matches will even be ranked, so that the most relevant ones come first.

Of course, the search engines don’t always get it right. Non-relevant pages make it through, and sometimes it may take a little more digging to find what you are looking for. But, by and large, search engines do an amazing job.

As WebCrawler founder Brian Pinkerton puts it, “Imagine walking up to a librarian and saying, ‘travel.’ They’re going to look at you with a blank face.”

OK — a librarian’s not really going to stare at you with a vacant expression. Instead, they’re going to ask you questions to better understand what you are looking for.

Unfortunately, search engines don’t have the ability to ask a few questions to focus your search, as a librarian can. They also can’t rely on judgment and past experience to rank web pages, in the way humans can.

So, how do crawler-based search engines go about determining relevancy, when confronted with hundreds of millions of web pages to sort through? They follow a set of rules, known as an algorithm. Exactly how a particular search engine’s algorithm works is a closely-kept trade secret. However, all major search engines follow the general rules below.

Location, Location, Location…and Frequency

One of the the main rules in a ranking algorithm involves the location and frequency of keywords on a web page. Call it the location/frequency method, for short.

Remember the librarian mentioned above? They need to find books to match your request of “travel,” so it makes sense that they first look at books with travel in the title. Search engines operate the same way. Pages with the search terms appearing in the HTML title tag are often assumed to be more relevant than others to the topic.

Search engines will also check to see if the search keywords appear near the top of a web page, such as in the headline or in the first few paragraphs of text. They assume that any page relevant to the topic will mention those words right from the beginning.

Frequency is the other major factor in how search engines determine relevancy. A search engine will analyze how often keywords appear in relation to other words in a web page. Those with a higher frequency are often deemed more relevant than other web pages.

Spice In The Recipe

Now it’s time to qualify the location/frequency method described above. All the major search engines follow it to some degree, in the same way cooks may follow a standard chili recipe. But cooks like to add their own secret ingredients. In the same way, search engines add spice to the location/frequency method. Nobody does it exactly the same, which is one reason why the same search on different search engines produces different results.

To begin with, some search engines index more web pages than others. Some search engines also index web pages more often than others. The result is that no search engine has the exact same collection of web pages to search through. That naturally produces differences, when comparing their results.

Search engines may also penalize pages or exclude them from the index, if they detect search engine “spamming.” An example is when a word is repeated hundreds of times on a page, to increase the frequency and propel the page higher in the listings. Search engines watch for common spamming methods in a variety of ways, including following up on complaints from their users.

Off The Page Factors

Crawler-based search engines have plenty of experience now with webmasters who constantly rewrite their web pages in an attempt to gain better rankings. Some sophisticated webmasters may even go to great lengths to “reverse engineer” the location/frequency systems used by a particular search engine. Because of this, all major search engines now also make use of “off the page” ranking criteria.

Off the page factors are those that a webmasters cannot easily influence. Chief among these is link analysis. By analyzing how pages link to each other, a search engine can both determine what a page is about and whether that page is deemed to be “important” and thus deserving of a ranking boost. In addition, sophisticated techniques are used to screen out attempts by webmasters to build “artificial” links designed to boost their rankings.

Another off the page factor is clickthrough measurement. In short, this means that a search engine may watch what results someone selects for a particular search, then eventually drop high-ranking pages that aren’t attracting clicks, while promoting lower-ranking pages that do pull in visitors. As with link analysis, systems are used to compensate for artificial links generated by eager webmasters.

Customer care or Customer service executive ( CSE’s ) is suppose to be a very important person of the company. However unfortunately the people working as CSE’s and many others at times do not understand the responsibilities of the job.

We are here to let everyone reading this know certain things which will help you’ll and will make everyone fall in love with your services.

1.Greet your customers properly : When you communicate or come across your customer
the first thing we do with or before our introduction is greetings. Thus it is very
important to greet the customer properly as it is noticed various times one doesn’t take enough care and does considering it as an obligation. The importance of greeting well is the building up a comfort level between the customer and the CSE. This is always followed
by the introduction of the CSE which again is very important as the customer should
understand the CSE’s introduction well as they are about to discuss and get into a
conversation.

2. Listen to the customer and acknowledge : When the customer is telling you his/her problem listen carefully to understand and acknowledge as he will be comfortable talking things out and explain his problem well and will be able co-operate which will lead to a satisfactory call.

Always remember a satisfied customers adds in more business by adding more customers and is thus the best medium of advertisement for your business.

3. Explain yourself properly with correct information : While speaking with your customer be reasonably loud as this will make you sound clearer. It is also very important to be confident about what you say as this will make you sound more convincing, however do not sound overconfident, the customer will not be interested in listening to you. Also be honest about what you say, always provide your customers with right information and do not mislead as it is wrong on moral grounds and so is a wrong thing to be practiced.

4.End the conversation by thanking the customer : Always thank the customer before ending the conversation. You can thank him or her for giving you time or listening to you or co-operating or giving you the opportunity be in business and serve to him with the best of your services, etc.

You will notice the difference if you follow the above mentioned points and your customers and your boss will fall in love with you.

Author,

Nick C J

(Eukhost.com)

Every person has experienced different things at work.We are here to tell you.What can make you cherrish and love your work and work place.

It is very important to leave a mark in everyones mind when you meet them and this counts a lot in your daily as well as your work life

Thus to get noticed and appreciated by people at your work place , follow some simple tips and experience the difference,

1. Punctuality : This can not be explained in any other way and should be strictly
followed by every individual, Do not get late and try and reach
the work place 10 minutes before the shift beggins.

2. Dressing : Different companies follow different work cultures and so have different
dressing codes, keeping this in mind we suggest the following : Be clean
shaved or trimmed beared , what ever you wear it should be washed well
well ironed.If you dont have a dress code , feel lucky to work at place like
that however avoid wearing anything thats indecent.That would definitely
create a wrong impresssion and may get one into trouble.

3.Greet every peson you have eye contact with : It is a good practise to greet your
collegues you come accross as it buids up a comfort level and helps you in building
up a good rapo and puts you across as a friendly individual.

4.Share your experience and listen to others : Follow as stated “Share your experience
and listen to others ” By doing this you will end up learning and understand various
things which will come in handy in different situations and will help others and you
understand and know eachother well.

At last but not the least

” DO YOUR WORK WITH SINCERITY AND HONESTY,
THAT WILL MAKE THE REST WORK”

Author,
Nick C J
(Eukhost.com)

Greetings Guys!!

If you are not able to browse the addressbook of horde from your webmail then just append the following line in your /usr/local/cpanel/base/horde/turba/config/sources.php file.
browse => true;

Try to browse your address book now if stil not ablle to browse it then just go to your search email address in your horde email and search for @ that will show you all the email ID as all the email ID will have @ character in it.

Enjoy..

Greetings members,

If you are stuck because of your emails configuration in outlook as you have configured it
in one user’s account and now move to other computer then do not worry on how to trasnfer it to other email account.
Just Read the below steps in order to trasnfer your outlook express’ confguration
to the other computer.
We will go with following steps in order to complete that trasnfer.
To backup Outlook Express data:
—–> Copy mail files to a backup folder
—–> Export the Address Book to a file
—–> Export the mail account to a file
—–> Export the news account to a file
To restore or import Outlook Express data:
—–> Import messages from the backup folder
—–> Import the Address Book file
—–> Import the mail account file
—–> Import the news account file
——————————————————————–

BACK UP OUTLOOK CONFIGURATION :-
Now in order to implement the above steps of Backup do as per below…
Copy Mail Files to a Backup Folder
To make a backup copy of your Outlook Express e-mail message files:
1. On the Tools menu, click Options.
2. On the Maintenance tab, click Store Folder.
3. Select the folder location, and then press CTRL+C to copy the location.
4. Click Cancel, and then click Cancel again to close the dialog box.
5. Click Start, and then click Run.
6. In the Open box, press CTRL+V, and then click OK.
7. On the Edit menu, click Select All.
8. On the Edit menu, click Copy, and then close the window.
9. Right-click any empty space on your desktop, click New, and then click Folder.
10. Type mail backup for the folder name, and then press ENTER.
11. Double-click the Mail Backup folder to open it.
12. On the Edit menu, click Paste.
13. Close the Mail Backup window.

Export the Address Book to a File
–> This step is very important when multiple Identities are in use. A .WAB (Windows Address Book) file is used by Outlook Express 5.x and 6.0 versions, even if multiple Identities are used. The individual data for each Identity is stored in a folder, by user name, within the .WAB file in use.

Exporting this data, while logged in to a specific Identity, is the only means of segregating the Address Book data. If the .WAB file becomes dissociated from the user Identities, the data can only be exported in total - not folder by folder.

Another reason to export the .WAB file to a .csv file is that if the .WAB file is shared with Microsoft Outlook, the addresses are stored in the *.pst file in Outlook. When you export the file from the Outlook Express File menu to a *.csv file it exports the correct contacts. If the Address Book is shared with Microsoft Outlook, you are not able to export from within the Address Book on the File menu. This option is dimmed or not available.

To export your Outlook Express address book:
1. On the File menu, click Export, and then click Address Book.
2. Click Text File (Comma Separated Values), and then click Export.
3. Click Browse.
4. Locate the Mail Backup folder that you created.
5. In the File Name box, type address book backup, and then click Save.
6. Click Next.
7. Click to select the check boxes for the fields that you want to export, and then click Finish.
8. Click OK and then click Close.

Export the Mail Account to a File
To make a backup copy of your Outlook Express mail account:
1. On the Tools menu, click Accounts.
2. On the Mail tab, click the mail account that you want to export, and then click Export.
3. In the Save In box, locate the Mail Backup folder on your desktop, and then click Save.
4. Repeat these steps for each mail account that you want to export.
5. Click Close.

Export the Newsgroup Account to a File
To make a backup copy of your Outlook Express news accounts:
1. On the Tools menu, click Accounts.
2. On the News tab, click the news account that you want to export, and then click Export.
3. In the Save In box, use locate the Mail Backup folder on your desktop, and then click Save.
4. Repeat these steps for each news account that you want to export.
5. Click Close.
——————————————————————–
RESTORE OUTLOOK TO NEW LOGIN :-
Now to restore that to the new location do as mentioned below.
To restore data, you may need to re-create the Identities for each user, prior to using the following steps. Repeat each step, as needed, for each Identity.
Import Messages from the Backup Folder
To import your Outlook Express e-mail messages from the Backup folder:
1. On the File menu, point to Import, and then click Messages.
2. In the Select an e-mail program to import from box, click Microsoft Outlook Express 5 or Microsoft Outlook Express 6, and then click Next.
3. Click Import mail from an OE5 store directory or Import mail from an OE6 store directory, and then click OK.
4. Click Browse, and then click on the Mail Backup folder on your desktop.
5. Click OK, and then click Next.
6. Click All folders, click Next, and then click Finish.
Import the Address Book File
To import your Outlook Express address book:
1. On the File menu, click Import, and then click Other Address Book.
2. Click Text File (Comma Separated Values), and then click Import.
3. Click Browse.
4. Locate the Mail Backup folder on your desktop, click the address book Backup.csv file, and then click Open.
5. Click Next, and then click Finish.
6. Click OK, and then click Close.
Import the Mail Account File
To import your Outlook Express mail account file:
1. On the Tools menu, click Accounts.
2. On the Mail tab, click Import.
3. In the Look In box, locate the Mail Backup folder on your desktop.
4. Click the mail account that you want to import, and then click Open.
5. Repeat these steps for each mail account that you want to import.
6. Click Close.
Import the Newsgroup Account File
To import your Outlook Express news account file:
1. On the Tools menu, click Accounts.
2. On the News tab, click Import.
3. In the Look In box, locate the Mail Backup folder on your desktop.
4. Click the news account that you want to import, and then click Open.
5. Repeat these steps for each news account that you want to import.
6. Click Close.

Thats it and and you are done with the trasnfer of your outlook configtaion.
Enjoy..