a) Using the IP address: this is the best way to access the domain names. Instead of the domain name, you can directly use the IP address of the website. To find the IP address of a site, you can use this tool:
hcidata.co.uk/host2ip.htm

b) Using the Google Cache: if you are not concerned about the latest content of the website, then Google cache is the best method. Search for the site in Google and then click on the cached link below search results.

c) Using an anonymizer: these allow you to use their sites/servers to access websites which may be blocked/banned at the user’s end. The following is a list of free web based anonymizers:
-proxify.com: This is one of the best free servers which hides original URL and provides an array of access of options.
-blockstop.net: New site
-anonymouse.org/anonwww.html- URL is seen in this site but it may get blocked by the filtering software.

d) Online translation tools: these are basically web proxies, the following is a list of free web based translation services:
- world.altavista.com:
-google.com/translate_t

e) Google Mobile Search:
-google.com/xhtml

f) Public proxy servers: although these require you to change your internet connection settings, the end result is quite effective; the following is a list of free public proxy servers:
-publicproxyservers.com/page1.html

g) Getting web pages through email: this is only useful if you want to access one website, however, accessing large files is not at all possible.
-Check out this link which includes we page subscriptions :
web2mail.com/lite/welcome.php
-List of Servers:expita.com/servers.html

h) Tor server: Tor is a proxy server which uses anonymous servers for a single web request. It requires application which should be installed and downloaded. See the link-
-tor.eff.org/download.html.en

i)Your own proxy servers: this is the best and most advanced technique which requires your server to be hosted either at home or with a hosting provider. You can enable SSl encryption and can prevent unauthorised access by others on the internet.
Remember to put access control so that no one can find the service and misuse it.
Web proxies:
-apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_proxy.html
-privoxy.org
-whitefyre.com/poxy/

j) Using alternate content providers- if Gmail is blocked at your place you can use any other mail address to enable email forward at Gmail. If everything fails then use alternate service providers.

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Cyclic Redundancy Check(CRC) is a common technique for detecting data transmission errors. It’s a type of hash function which is used to produce a checksum a small, fixed number of bits against a block of data, such as a packet of network traffic or a block of a computer file. The checksum is used to detect errors after transmission or storage. Transmitted messages are divided into predetermined lengths that are divided by a fixed divisor.

According to the calculation, the remainder number is attached onto and sent with the message. When the message is received, the computer recalculates the remainder and compares it to the transmitted part to confirm that no changes occurred on transit. If the numbers do not match, an error is detected.

CRC checks happen every time you read the media. Many CD and DVD burning programs will include a read pass immediately after writing, to ensure that the data was written properly.

CRCs are popular because they are simple to implement in binary hardware, easy to analyze mathematically, and are particularly good at detecting common errors caused by noise in transmission channels.

A number of file transfer protocols, including Zmodem, use CRC in addition to checksum.

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Peer-to-peer network is a communications network that allows all computers in the network to act as servers and share their files with all other users on the network. On the Internet, peer-to-peer network is a type of transient Internet network that allows a group of computer users with the same networking program to connect with each other and directly access files from one another’s hard drives. Peer to Peer networks also referred to as P2P networks are generally used for connecting nodes via largely distinct connections. Such networks are useful for many purposes like sharing content files containing audio, video, data or anything in digital format is very common, and realtime data, such as telephony traffic, is also passed using P2P technology.

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A Terminal Adapter is an electronic device that interfaces a computer to an external digital communications line, such as an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) phone line. A terminal adapter is a bit like a modem and often referred to as modem but because it is digital, a terminal adapter is not exactly a modem, A modem needs to convert between analog and digital signals, on the other hand, a terminal adapter only needs to pass along digital signals. As ISDN becomes more common, future computers might probably have terminal adapters built in. As of now you need to purchase a separate terminal adapter if you want ISDN access. You can get an internal adapter or an external adapter than connects to your computer’s serial port.

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Packet-

A packet refers to the unit of data that is in passage between an origin and a destination on the Internet or any other packet-switched network. Every page that you receive on the Internet comes as a series of packets, and every e-mail you send leaves as a series of packets. Networks that ship data around in small packets are called packet switched networks. The TCP/IP protocol breaks large data files into smaller “packets” for swift transmission over the Internet. When the data reaches its destination, the protocol makes sure that all packets arrived without error. A typical packet contains perhaps 1,000 or 1,500 bytes. Packets are also referred to by other names like frame, block, cell or segment depending on the type of network.

Packet Switching-

Packet Switching refers to the method of moving data around the Internet that allows many people to use the same lines at the same time. In packet switching, all data being transferred from a source is divided into packets, with each packet bearing the address of its origin and destination. This enables packets from different sources to be simultaneously transferred, sorted and directed on the same line. Each packet is then transmitted individually and can even follow different routes to its destination. Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the destination they are reassembled into the original message. ,A packet-switching scheme is an efficient way to handle transmissions on a connectionless network such as the Internet

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